The rich text element allows you to create and format headings, paragraphs, blockquotes, images, and video all in one place instead of having to add and format them individually. Just double-click and easily create content.Brussels is a hot ticket these days, and not just as a result of the flurry of late-nite EU Parliament meetings about the »future» of the Continent minus Great Britain. For their part, the Brits who do not already live in Belgium or France have been hoarding Belgian chocolate, which, if you know anything about Brussels chocolatiers, is not a bad idea. Brussels real estate is at an all-time high, although EU-weary Brussels real estate agents are busily strapping on their parachutes as they await the giant explosion of the bubble.
Despite the many ups and downs of Brussel’s local industry of Euro-politics, tourism soldiers resolutely on in this town. Belgium had a fraught but deeply productive medieval history, which resulted in, among other things, serial wars, spectacular art and weaving, and, not least, world-beating beer. Those elements, with all the royal architectural trappings one could possibly want in a solid Western European capital, are in good supply. Politics be damned, this old town is good fun.
Despite the many ups and downs of Brussel’s local industry of Euro-politics, tourism soldiers resolutely on in this town. Belgium had a fraught but deeply productive medieval history, which resulted in, among other things, serial wars, spectacular art and weaving, and, not least, world-beating beer. Those elements, with all the royal architectural trappings one could possibly want in a solid Western European capital, are in good supply. Politics be damned, this old town is good fun.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, attempts were made by most republics to maintain a common currency. Some politicians were hoping to at least maintain «special relations» among former Soviet republics, or the «near abroad». Other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal.[2]
On 15 November 1993, the National Bank of Kazakhstan issued notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 tiyn, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tenge; 100 tenge notes followed shortly thereafter. These were followed in 1994 by 200, 500, and 1,000 tenge notes. 2,000 tenge notes were introduced in 1996, with 5,000 tenge in 1999 and 10,000 tenge on 28 July 2003.[10] Notes currently in circulation are:
Kazakhstan has an «extreme» continental climate, with warm summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Nursultan is the second coldest capital city in the world after Ulaanbaatar. Precipitation varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan
In the 2020 Doing Business Report by the World Bank, Kazakhstan ranked 25th globally and as the number one best country globally for protecting minority investors’ rights.[177] Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013, and has maintained its position in the 2014–2015 World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report that was published at the beginning of September 2014.[178] Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the CIS in almost all of the report’s pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education.[178] The Global Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.[178]
Be aware!
The rich text element allows you to create and format headings, paragraphs, blockquotes, images, and video all in one place instead of having to add and format them individually. Just double-click and easily create content.Brussels is a hot ticket these days, and not just as a result of the flurry of late-nite EU Parliament meetings about the ”future” of the Continent minus Great Britain.
For their part, the Brits who do not already live in Belgium or France have been hoarding Belgian chocolate, which, if you know anything about Brussels chocolatiers, is not a bad idea. Brussels real estate is at an all-time high, although EU-weary Brussels real estate agents are busily strapping on their parachutes as they await the giant explosion of the bubble.
For their part, the Brits who do not already live in Belgium or France have been hoarding Belgian chocolate, which, if you know anything about Brussels chocolatiers, is not a bad idea.
Brussels real estate is at an all-time high, although EU-weary Brussels real estate agents are busily strapping on their parachutes as they await the giant explosion of the bubble.
There is a small 8.56 km (5.32 mi) metro system in Almaty. A second and third metro lines are planned in the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at Alatau and Zhibek Zholy stations.[140] In May 2011, the construction of the second phase of the Almaty Metro line 1 began. The general contractor is Almatymetrokurylys. Currently more than 300 m (980 ft) of tunnels on the extension project have been excavated.
The extension includes five new stations, and will connect the downtown area of Almaty with Kalkaman in the suburbs. Its length will be 8.62 km (5.36 mi).[141] The construction is divided into 3 phases. The first phase (the current phase) will be the addition of two stations: Sairan and Moscow, a length of 2.7 km (1.7 mi).[141] For more details see: Almaty Metro.There was a tram system of 10 lines which operated from 1937 to 2015.[142]
The extension includes five new stations, and will connect the downtown area of Almaty with Kalkaman in the suburbs. Its length will be 8.62 km (5.36 mi).[141] The construction is divided into 3 phases.
The first phase (the current phase) will be the addition of two stations: Sairan and Moscow, a length of 2.7 km (1.7 mi).[141] For more details see: Almaty Metro.There was a tram system of 10 lines which operated from 1937 to 2015.[142]
Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are 15,333 km (9,527 mi) in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.[136]15,333 km (9,527 mi) of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) gauge, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) electrified, in 2012.[136] Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from Almaty (the southernmost city) to Petropavl (the northernmost city) in about 18 hours.
Kazakhstan has a total of 97 airports. (2012)[2] However, it is quoted as having a total of 449 airports in 2001.[20]
The large area of the country and the associated long distances makes air travel a very important component in domestic travel.
The motorway network in Kazakhstan is rather underdeveloped, mainly due to the low population density in the country, which doesn’t require wider roads on long distances. There is a total of 490 km of motorways. The following are the only existing multi-lane, double carriage roads in Kazakhstan:
A1 — Runs from Nur-Sultan to Shchuchinsk. It further continues as the A1 two-lane highway to Kokshetau. Motorway length: 250 km (160 mi).
A2 — Runs from Almaty to a point past Uzynagash. It further continues as the A2 two-lane highway to Shymkent. Motorway length: 58 km (36 mi).
A2 — Other four-lane portion runs from Shymkent to Zhibek Zholy, on the border with Uzbekistan. Length: 100 km (62 mi).
A3 — Runs from Almaty to Kapshagay. It further continues as the A3 two-lane highway to Oskemen. Motorway length: 82 km (51 mi).
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Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero.
Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
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Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
Proin at leo gravida, vehicula sapien nec, ornare augue. Sed quis lorem sit amet dolor consequat elementum interdum id lorem. Nulla in tristique libero. Maecenas in mauris quis leo convallis ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Sed tristique risus pretium, iaculis lorem ut, rhoncus purus. Suspendisse eget vehicula purus, ac sodales lorem. Morbi sed diam posuere, bibendum ex ac, varius mauris. Nullam id laoreet ligula, in efficitur ante.
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